The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 12.5 million people) by the early 17th century. Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. In the Indies, corregimiento initially functioned to bring control over Spanish settlers who exploited the indigenous populations held in encomienda, in order to protect the shrinking indigenous populations and prevent the formation of an aristocracy of conquerors and powerful settlers. 15501600) to subdue them, but peace was only achieved by Spaniards making significant donations of food and other commodities the Chichimeca demanded. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. Collier, Simon. "La catastrophe dmographique" (The Demographic Catastrophe) in. 1, pp. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. Castao, Victoria Ros. This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. In Peru, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) demanded that the Incan Emperor Atahualpa (ca. The crown attempted to curb Spaniards' exploitation, banning Spaniards' bequeathing their private grants of indigenous communities' tribute and encomienda labor in 1542 in the New Laws. From decades of research, he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. [38], Much of what is now the Southern United States was claimed by Spain, some of it at least explored by the Spanish starting in the early 1500s, and some permanent settlements established. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. 87-88. [33] It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogot, and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia and parts of Venezuela. They forbade the maltreatment of natives, and endorsed the forced resettlement of indigenous populations with attempts of conversion to Catholicism. "[112] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. Benedict. The empire in the Indies was a newly established dependency of the kingdom of Castile alone, so crown power was not impeded by any existing cortes (i.e. Expeditions continued to explore territories in hopes of finding another Aztec or Inca empire, with no further success. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The Spanish conquest. House of Welser in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Cline, and Javier Pescador, Cook, David Noble. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. De Austrias a Borbones", Encyclopedia of Latin and mexicpo is the best History and Culture 1996, "Cochineal Production and Trade in New Spain to 1600", Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, Indigenous Reducciones and Spanish Resettlement: Placing Colonial and European History in Dialogue, Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history, The Political Force of Images, Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 15201820, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Colonial universities in Hispanic America, Law of coartacin (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=1151061142, Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery, History of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. [111] This direct correspondence of the Audiencia with the Council of the Indies made it possible for the council to give the Audiencia direction on general aspects of government.[108]. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. Among the most notable expeditions are Hernando de Soto into southeast North America, leaving from Cuba (153942); Francisco Vzquez de Coronado to northern Mexico (154042), and Gonzalo Pizarro to Amazonia, leaving from Quito, Ecuador (154142). To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. "Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." This is thought to have been the result of an increasingly harsh climate to the south, and the lack of a populous and sedentary indigenous population to settle among for the Spanish in the fjords and channels of Patagonia. Caeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. Is there any instances where the Spaniards conquered places to spread religious belief?? [54], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. Spanish settlement in Mexico largely replicated the organization of the area in preconquest times while in Peru, the center of the Incas was too far south, too remote, and at too high an altitude for the Spanish capital. Later conquests in Mexico were protracted campaigns with less immediate results than the conquest of the Aztec Empire. [6] 1493: Columbus arrives in Puerto Rico. By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases. In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. [77] Upon their failure to effectively protect the indigenous and following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru, more stringent laws to control conquerors' and settlers' exercise of power, especially their maltreatment of the indigenous populations, were promulgated, known as the New Laws (1542). [114] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. The empire was formed by and under the command of Marshal Jean-Bdel Bokassa, military dictator and president of the Central African Republic, on 4 December 1976. Muldoon, James. Spanish settlers initially found relatively dense populations of indigenous peoples, who were agriculturalists living in villages ruled by leaders not part of a larger integrated political system.
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