doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.168724, Yin, J., Michalick, L., Tang, C., Tabuchi, A., Goldenberg, N., Dan, Q., et al. Case Report: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Janssen (2010). Med. As the activation of AT1 receptor promotes the pulmonary edema, AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) like losartan, valsartan may be effective in decreasing pulmonary edema. (2007). Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Combination Therapy with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators Augment the Airway Functional Microanatomy. Ann. Most of the published data about this association come from case reports and series. Received: 05 February 2021; Accepted: 25 May 2021;Published: 07 June 2021. PDF Updates on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) 160, 105073. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105073, Maronde, R. F., Milgrom, M., Vlachakis, N. D., and Chan, L. (1983). SN Compr. 8 (5), 475481. Thus, PGs play a key role in the formation of pulmonary edema. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), present in human lungs, kidneys and other organs, plays a vital role in lung fluid clearance (Figure 4 Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema) (Matthay et al., 2002). Res. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. 34, 101658. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101658. As such, TRPV4 inhibition likely has protective and beneficial effect on mucus clearance and pulmonary edema. It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.07.001, Imai, Y., Kuba, K., and Penninger, J. M. (2007). Br. Br. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Influenza Virus Infection Alters Ion Channel Function of Airway and Alveolar Cells: Mechanisms and Physiological Sequelae. Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. Moreover, the peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocyte of COVID-19 patients was also greatly improved, from 0.91 0.54 to 1.24 0.67 after being treated for a week, while there was no obvious change in control group (Hu et al., 2020). doi:10.7554/eLife.59177, George, P. M., Wells, A. U., and Jenkins, R. G. (2020). doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Digestive System Is a Potential Route of COVID-19: an Analysis of Single-Cell Coexpression Pattern of Key Proteins in Viral Entry Process. doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.37040, Cui, M., Gosu, V., Basith, S., Hong, S., and Choi, S. (2016). KCa3.1 (1-EBIO) and KATP (minoxidil) channel openers can greatly recover AFC in mice intratracheally administrated verapamil, which is the first generation of the phenylalkylamine class of calcium channel antagonists (Fleckenstein, 1977; Nayler and Dillon, 1986), suggesting that K+ channel openers might be potential drugs for treating pulmonary edema (Han et al., 2010). (2020b). doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5, Xu, Y.-H., Dong, J.-H., An, W.-M., Lv, X.-Y., Yin, X.-P., Zhang, J.-Z., et al. [Effect of Astragali Radix in Improving Early Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome Rats through ACE2/Mas Pathway]. When there, the virus itself and virus-mediated protein-protein interactions lead to the lung inflammatory storm responsible for the observed increasing vascular permeability in lung and pulmonary edema (Tang et al., 2020). Dis. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01210.2001, McCreary, E. K., and Pogue, J. M. (2020). Physiol. (2021). 46 (7), 835837. 274 (18), 1243112437. Circ. Lancet Respir. Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). It has been observed that MMP-2 and MMP-9, two most crucial MMPs in the lung are over-expressed in pulmonary edema (Negrini et al., 1996; Negrini et al., 1998; Passi et al., 1998), suggesting that MMPs may become a potential target for pulmonary edema treatment. 35 (19), 30142017. Physiol. This should ease some symptoms. An Orally Active TRPV4 Channel Blocker Prevents and Resolves Pulmonary Edema Induced by Heart Failure. 64 (15), 20062012. Liu Shen Capsule Shows Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Abilities against Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 via Suppression of NF-b Signaling Pathway. Chem. Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. (2021). Am. doi:10.1073/pnas.160041997, Leroy, C., Priv, A., Bourret, J.-C., Berthiaume, Y., Ferraro, P., and Brochiero, E. (2006). (2020). (2002). Amiloride was shown to induce the reduction of ACE2 expression in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells (Adil et al., 2020) and can counteract the low cytosolic pH which has been observed in COVID-19 patients by acting on Na+/H+ exchanger (Cure and Cumhur Cure, 2020). Pulmonary Edema. 2 3 Postauthorisation reports of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been extremely rare, occurring in only 4.5 reported cases per million doses. (2020a). The toad venom injection can significantly improve the pulmonary function of COVID-19 patients by regulating PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index and thus alleviate pulmonary edema. (2012). Hyponatremia (low blood sodium concentration) as well as low concentrations of potassium and calcium in the blood serum are also associated with COVID-19 (Lippi et al., 2020). Respir. JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. 382 (18), 17081720. Physiol. Ijerph 17 (15), 5320. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155320, Kunzelmann, K., Beesley, A. H., King, N. J., Karupiah, G., Young, J. Immune-modulatory agents for COVID-19 include tocilizumab, human immunoglobulin and the convalescent plasma. COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. (2020). Virol. (2019). Who (2021). His lab findings and clinical course were consistent with those of MIS after COVID-19 vaccination. 171 (10), 24742507. However, preliminary reports showed that some ACE inhibitors and ARBs have no significant clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 (Richardson et al., 2020), while others showed protective effects among patients with pre-existing hypertension (Yang et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020). 308 (7), L628L638. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028836, Tang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Ji, J., and Wen, C. (2020). In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, current as well as potential new treatments based on the reduction of lung edema through various means, drugs, TCMs or natural compounds. 157, 104820. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104820, Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J. a., Liu, H., et al. (2020). Res. Efficacy and Safety of Garadacimab in Combination with Standard of Care Treatment in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. XC analyzed and reviewed the research articles as well as drafting the manuscript. Large Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Sense Acute Changes in Oxygen Tension in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. The Origin, Transmission and Clinical Therapies on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak - an Update on the Status. 288, 198114. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114, Krlicka, A. L., Kruczkowska, A., Krajewska, M., and Kusztal, M. A. Inhibiting the inflammatory storm can effectively alleviate pulmonary edema. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal J. Clin. Some natural compounds along with their antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 2. Woman dies half an hour after vaccine: Autopsy shows pulmonary edema JAMA 324 (5), 460470. Pathol. The Serum and Glucocorticoid Kinase Sgk Increases the Abundance of Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Xenopus Oocytes. Dexmedetomidine can upregulate AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS and thus induce pulmonary edema (Jiang et al., 2015). eCollection 2023. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. Inhibiting these TRPs may benefit the treatment of pulmonary edema. However, among all current treatments mentioned above, little attention has been paid to the abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema, which is a key factor threatening patients lives. Med. Chinese Medicine (TCMs), already widely used in China, may also be beneficial in addressing pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients (Zhang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020d). MeSH This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The latest research revealed that alveolar macrophages, which normally play a protective role, may also be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and release T cell chemokines, resulting large amounts of T cells gathering in lung and generating IFN. doi:10.1152/physrev.1974.54.3.678, Steinritz, D., Stenger, B., Dietrich, A., Gudermann, T., and Popp, T. (2018). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, therefore the efforts of scientists around the world are focused on finding the right treatment and vaccine for the novel disease. Exuberant Elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with Disease Severity and Fatal Outcome. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Achanta, S., and Jordt, S. E. (2020). However, as we discussed above, the inhibition of ENaC can also induce pulmonary edema and further studies are required to determine the potential use of ENaC inhibitors for COVID-19 treatment. Lancet Respir. Repurposing of Clinically Approved Drugs for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a 2019-novel Coronavirus-Related Coronavirus Model. Nat. AQP-5 protein, present in the apical membranes of AT-I cell of alveolar epithelium, can regulate the transport of water molecules. (2006) reported that the cryptotanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiz can inhibit the synthesis of cGMP and NO in vein endothelial cells, activate NO/cGMP pathway and improve the blood circulation. Endocrinology in the Time of COVID-19: Management of Diabetes Insipidus and Hyponatraemia. doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). (2000). Ann. medRxiv. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764, Bessac, B. F., and Jordt, S.-E. (2008). Am. (2019). Some of these TCMs along with their constituent and antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 3. These in turn, lead to severe lung damage in COVID-19 patients. Pulmonary Interstitial Pressure and Proteoglycans during Development of Pulmonary Edema. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 36 (6), 420425. Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. Care 21 (1), 305. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1882-z, Zhang, H., Kang, Z., Gong, H., Xu, D., Wang, J., Li, Z., et al. 308 (11), L1136L1144. Multiple TCMs have been already clinical applied for COVID-19 in China and achieved high recovery rate. Summary of potential TCM formulae against COVID-19. We also obtain PFTs in recovering COVID-19 patients with severe pulmonary involvement or COVID-19-related ARDS, which applies to many patients who required hospitalization. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Pulmonary edema - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Available: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed March 31, 2021). 3 (1), 237261. the Coronavirus Spike Protein and Acquisition of Fusion Competence. doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1847. For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. The Role of Proteoglycans in Pulmonaryedema Development. 161, 105290. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290, Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., et al. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the J. Biol. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00373.2014, Hu, F., Chen, J., Chen, H., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Ni, H. B., et al. Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients with Severe and Life-Threatening COVID-19. Pflugers Arch. (2014). (Imai et al., 2007; Zhang and Baker, 2017). Annu. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00085.2001, Ito, Y., Correll, K., Zemans, R. L., Leslie, C. C., Murphy, R. C., and Mason, R. J. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version. Am. Lianhuaqingwen Exerts Anti-viral and Anti-inflammatory Activity against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, drugs targeted at the humoral mechanisms might turn out to be highly effective against SARS-COV-2 infections.
How To Get Grandma's Eggnog Dying Light,
Canadian Anti Gravity Scientist,
David Conrad Married,
Fire Academy Failure Rate,
Articles P