The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. Journal of Informetrics,8(1), 123135. Given the refereeing system that controls the quality of the scientific literature in the better known journals, the high publication count could be achieved only if the person had a lot to say that was at least marginally significant. Self-citations: The stepchildren of scientometrics? This quantitative aspect of growth of research fields may lead to higher average citation rates for early publications within the field, compared to publications of the same age in fields with less growth. Thus, we can consider the core referencing behaviour of the overall group of Highly Cited Researchers, as research leaders, to be in accordance with precedents previously established. An index to quantify an individuals scientific research output. Tagliacozzo, R. (1977). By contrast the calculation of a self-citation rate divides all citations to self by all citations received from self and others, and both accumulate over time. 1 with the parameters of a lognormal fit to a negative binomial distribution. Rousseau, R. (1999). Garfield, E. (1979). It is said that one persons outlier may be, for an NBD, simply an extreme part of the skew. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Some experimental and observational studies have found that articles published in OA journals do not receive more citations, on average, than those published in subscription journals;[42][43] other studies have found that they do. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277100100107. The wider implication is that, despite the general and widespread pattern of self-cites across field profiles, care will always be required to interpret the particular statistics of any field-limited sample. Journal of Education and Social Policy,2, 7579. [but] it is quite difficult to use self-citation to inflate a citation count without being rather obvious about it. Amidst all of this, there has been an explosion of peer-reviewed literature about Covid-19 as researchers work to uncover details such as structure, infectivity, spread, effects, prevention, and treatment of this novel virus. This emphasises the need for caution in understanding and interpreting the publication culture of a field. In a graphical analysis, the location of the outliers is readily compared to the location (and shape) of the inter-quartile range as a ready indicator of the degree of departure from typical behaviour. The negative effects of citing with a national orientation in terms of recognition: National and international citations in natural-sciences papers from Germany, the Netherlands, and UK. The continuous central range extends up to at least 30% self-citing: this is a rate well above most other fields. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The association between topic growth and citation impact of research The 2020 CiteScores are based on citations received in 2017-2020 to articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, and data papers published in 2017-2020, and divides this by the number of these documents published in 2017-2020. The phenomenon of self-citation has long interested bibliometricians, sociologists of science, and scientists and scholars themselves (Kaplan 1965; Meadows and OConnor 1971; Chubin and Moitra 1975; Narin 1976; Tagliacozzo 1977; Porter 1977; Garfield 1979; Lawani 1982; Peritz 1983; Brooks 1985, 1986; Trimble 1986;Merton 1988; MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1989; Bonzi and Snyder 1991; Bott and Hargens 1991, for example). Many other measures have been proposed, beyond simple citation counts, to better quantify an individual scholar's citation impact. Field Normalized Citation Metrics - Impact Metrics - Research Guides at The median home value across these five cities, on average, is about $137,900. received by all papers in all fields published during the 10-year period divided https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090140304. (2004b). Young, J. S., & Brandes, P. M. (2020). Copiello, S. (2019). If you score a 1060, that means you're slightly above the 50th percentile: about half of the people taking the test scored higher than you and half scored lower. (2004a). ), countries represented by the authors of the citing works, subject focus or discipline of the citing works. 2019; Seeber et al. The issue of prolificacy and self-citation stacking, Is Self-Citation Biased? The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on Meadows, A. J., & OConnor, J. G. (1971). In thesecases, it is preferable to use some form of normalization to allow for the differences in fields and time (see Category Normalized Citation Impact,% Documents in Top 1% and % Documents in Top 10%, Average Percentile). a 10-year period. 2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2006.09.002. Harnad, S. (2009). Scientometrics,59(3), 281310. Humility, noted Merton, serves to reduce the misbehavior of scientists below the rate that would occur if importance were assigned only to originality and the establishing of priority (Merton 1957). volume123,pages 11191147 (2020)Cite this article. These top 120 papers accounted for nearly 24 percent of all citations, while the top 500 papers account for nearly 50 percent. Elsevier's Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) is similarly defined as "the ratio of the total citations received, and the total citations that would be expected based on the average of the citation rates in subject fields" (e.g., Scopus, 2000). (2006). 267278). Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(9), 19231932. The data set, which lists around 100,000 researchers, shows that at least 250 scientists have amassed more than 50% of their citations from themselves or their co-authors, while the median. Central range is used here as a descriptive, non-technical term to indicate the more consistent plateau of similar self-citation rates within each field that encompasses somewhat more than the inter-quartile range for these data. Annalen der Physik,18(9), 607621. When comparing Covid-19 papers and the 1:1 randomized sample of non-Covid-19 papers, the median citation decreases from 21.63 to 20.1 for non-Covid-19 citations and the citation ratio between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers climbs to 6.01 (p = <0.001). Chubin, D. E., & Moitra, S. D. (1975). In addition, self-citation rises with number of authors on a publication, as is also seen for citation impact (van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004b; Leblond 2012; Lin and Huang 2012; Larivive et al. To our knowledge, this study is the first to quantify the rate at which a large volume of peer-reviewed Covid-19 articles are being cited, on average, in major medical journals and compare these results to non-Covid-19 articles in the same journals. It will be noted in the Figs. We would estimate that as Covid-19 papers continue to flood the literature across all scientific fields, so long as Covid-19 continues to hold the global spotlight, Covid-19 papers will continue to be cited, on average, at much higher levels than non-Covid-19 papers. Aksnes, D. W., Langfeldt, L. & Wouters, P. (2019). Scarpa and Baccini and colleagues have reported that the Italian national research assessment exercise (VQR, Research Quality Evaluation), initiated at the beginning of the past decade, provoked strategic behavior among researchers, especially those early in their careers, that resulted in significantly higher rates of self-citation than previously seen (Scarpa et al. ESI is a compilation of science performance statistics and science trends data using data from Clarivate Analytics Web of Science. The Frontiers Neuroscience journal series includes all Frontiers journals in the field of Neuroscience. Current Cap Rates for Apartments in the 50 Largest Multifamily Markets. Moreover, excess is not the only object of study: differences in the rate at which men and women cite themselves is another topic of recent interest (Ghiasi et al. Other journal-level metrics include the Eigenfactor, and the SCImago Journal Rank. We found that the WOS database included 76% of the Covid-19 papers contained within the journals themselves. 2. II. Because of extreme skews, thresholds can only be indicative under any circumstances. The Journal Impact Factor is the average number of citations received in the last year to articles published in the previous two years. Self-citation corrections for the Hirsch index. A younger person with few publications would not generally exhibit high rates of self-citation. 70% of the authors in the Web of Science database have fewer than 5 publications, so that the most-cited authors among the 4 million included in this study constitute a tiny fraction. 2018; Baccini et al. Does co-authorship inflate the share of self-citations? Patterns of self-citation across disciplines (19801989). Typically, the citation rate of papers published in the last three years are below the citation rate for all years. If there are indeed a significant number of individuals who abuse the conventional research system by inappropriate practice then why does the system not detect and sanction this at review before publication? This means that other publications such as letters, editorials, perspectives, and opinions were not included in our search criteria which leaves a large number of publications out of the study. 2010; Kim and Kim 2018). 2015; Bornmann 2017). The CiteScore journal impact metric measures the average citations received in a four-year time window to selected documents published in the same four years. between 2008 and the present. Brooks, T. A. Another potential reason for the spike in Covid-19 citations is the exhibited capacity of the virus to mutate rapidly. In doing this, we demonstrate the sharp contrast between citation rates for Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles published in 24 months during the rise and height of the global pandemic. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1:115126 (Reprinted in: Merton, R. K. (1973). With three journals each from eight fields, a total of 24 journals were selected (Table 1). While originality and priority are goals for scientists, self-promotion at the cost of disinterestedness and humility was to Merton, and is today, a violation at least in terms of community ideals if not always in reality (Macfarlane and Cheng 2008; Anderson et al. In fact, later in the 1980s Merton predicted it in conversations with staff at the Institute for Scientific Information (D. Pendlebury, pers. (2016). If a top three journal did not meet this baseline, the next highest journal by impact factor from that field was included. The Citation Report feature displays bar charts for the number of items published each year and the number of citations each year, plus counts for the average number of citations per item, the number of citations per year per publication, average number of citations per year per publication, and the H-index. MATH Scientometrics,111(3), 18011812. (2015). Scopus. The levels we have selected for listing by field and year are 0.01%, 0.1%, 1.0%, and 10%. the current year (data is updated six times a year). We estimated the effect of Covid-19 subject on citation counts using a negative binomial regression model. ESI provides Field Baseline tables based on specific research fields for citation analysis: Citation Rates and Percentiles. To explore the variation in self-citation by field, a standard visualisation was created to evaluate the profile of the bulk of the population and the location within that profile of the median and upper and lower quartiles. Tracking self-citations in academic publishing. [59][60] The latter model is even used as a predictive tool for determining the citations that might be obtained at any time of the lifetime of a corpus of publications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.01.002. Social Studies of Science,7(1), 113122. A baseline of 15 Covid-19 articles was set as a requirement for a journal to be included. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 5 . The prevalence of synchronous self-citation practices at the institutional level.
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