At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. forever.. If you want to follow the old railroad line today, the Hetch Hetchy Road and most of the Mather Road were built on the old railroad bed and are beautiful scenic drives as well. o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office Who was Jane Addams? Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. More Than Just Parks | National Parks Guides. o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? Second, the sanctity of the national parks which they believed should not be violated. Explain your answer. Taft was chosen to ~ The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps ~ The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority ~ The onset of the Dust Bowl b. The controversy over damming Hetch Hetchy became mired in the political issues of the day. 02/08/2011. What approach did W.E.B. Describe the passion behind each side. By 1908, a different Interior Secretary, James R. Garfield, sided with the utilitarian conservationists and issued a permit for the Hetch Hetchy project. Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. If youre up for a driving adventure, try taking a little extra time to retrace parts of the route John Muir described in his book, My First Summer in the Sierra. Her poetic descriptions of Hetch hetchy won her the attention of powerful members of Congress. both A and B What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. What was the social gospel Apush quizlet? San Francisco applied once again for rights to Hetch Hetchy in 1908. him was beyond question. movement. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. Municipal government (city) became one of the first targets of those working for political reform. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. San Franciscos water system could not adequately serve its growing population, and the dam presented a solution. o Interest groups. Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. Sheep roamed across these unclaimed lands, clearing grass for miles. Chapter 20 APUSH Reading Guide Flashcards | Quizlet Why? In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? Within the ranks of the Sierra Club, there was a split between those San Francisco members who favored the dams municipal use versus those who believed this pristine area should not be tampered with under any circumstances. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. Photo: Chris Migeon. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. Public disapproval nationwide with the Raker Act helped to bring about the creation of the National Park Service. High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. 2023 Yosemite Mariposa County Tourism Bureau, Yosemite Itineraries: What to Do in Yosemite. Those who presumed to speak for wealth, much of which flowed to San Francisco, believed they were transforming a pioneer land into a settled, civilized one. In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. While John Muir led the fight against building the dam, the opposition was supported by Gifford Pinchot. Who was Robert La Follette? Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This is interesting from an ideological perspective. Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. The second concept is preservation. Opposition was led by John Muir and the Sierra Club. How did the following influence reform: o They advocated a single union for all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. Waterfalls gushed at Hetch Hetchy after an atmospheric river event in October 2021. The two have come to embody the conflicting philosophies at the heart of the American public land system: preservation vs. conservation. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. If you love that insider feeling of discovering an often-overlooked gem, plan a stop at Buck Meadows on your way to or from Hetch Hetchy. On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. Amateur and professional. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as o As president, he became a champion of cautious, moderate change. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. How did this affect other professions? o Divorce rate grew. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences created a National Forest Commission, tasked with researching and reporting policy recommendations for the administration of Americas forests. Browers Hetch Hetchy: Undoing A Great American Mistake, makes a compelling case for restoring the valley to its previous glory. positive or normative? Had it been, the Sierra Clubs members would have presented a united front in opposition to its development. Jane Addams was an important social worker. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. While youre at it, plan to add to the historic flavor of this route with a stop the Northern Mariposa County History Center. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. He urged African Americans to get an educationgo beyond trade/agricultural schools to the university. San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. America needed enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies to create stability. A Century Later, the Battle for Hetch Hetchy Continues Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. Over the next decade, he produced fifteen large oils that transformed the valley into a dreamland unlike anything that ever met mortal eye.. o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould Was he a good choice? Commission Plan: (city) mayor and council replaced by an elected nonpartisan commission professional organizations, trade associations representing businesses and It is part of our More than Just Parks Environmental Heroes series. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? The National Park Service conducted research to determine what would happen if the dam were removed, and people have repeatedly proposed costly studies to further understand the consequences of removing the dam. . There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. "New woman"a product of social and economic changes It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. Complete ruin of the national economy was averted when J.P. Morgan stepped in to meet the crisis. In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. Club movement allowed women to define a space for themselves in the public world without openly Hetch Hetchy: Congress and the Environment | National Archives Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. Others argued that we must limit the flow of new arrivals. By the turn of the century, many turned their attention to the government (especially urban political machines). Round percent to hundredths. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. Materials: 14 Document Facsimiles What is the Nineteenth Amendment? What dramatically weakened the socialists? After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. B. Republicans usually held a majority in the Senate. If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Damwas completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. The Social Gospel was a Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class overcome problems of industrialization. Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. Progressive political leaders, of whom Mayor Phelan was one, believed it was time to take this power away from the private interests and turn it over to the people. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. RELATED: A Woman Started The Environmental Movement (Can It Continue?). Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. Since December 19, 1913, when the Raker Act was signed by President Wilson, there has been a lamentation on the loss of Hetch Hetchy Valley. Du Bois: had never known slavery. Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks.
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