To support the Guardian, order your copy at guardianbookshop.com. Ethel, he said, had nothing to do with this, she was completely innocent. Dearest Sweethearts, my most precious children. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Ethel was killed for being a wife. After World War II ended, Greenglass was discharged from the Army in 1946 and returned to civilian life in Manhattan, where he and Julius ran a machine shop. - Sei es der notwendige VorOrt-Termin beim Kunden Klaus Fuchs, a German scientist working in Los Alamos, was convicted in the United Kingdom. Ambitious and hyperactive, Kaufmanwas an activist judge who effectively managed the first school desegregation case in the North and opened the federal courts to international human rights claims in 1980 through a novel and compelling interpretation of the Alien Tort Claims Act. Julius emphasized that, as an ally of the U.S., the Soviet Union should have the atomic bomb too. Robert wrote a later memoir, An Execution in the Family: One Son's Journey (2003). Ethel Rosenberg The family moved to the Lower East Side by the time Julius was 11. Your lives must teach you, too, that good cannot really flourish in the midst of evil; that freedom and all the things that go to make up a truly satisfying and worthwhile life, must sometimes be purchased very dearly. I ask how it would have been if he had gone through it all on his own. Ethel, however, was a very different story. June 4, 2015 5:03 PM PT Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed 55 years ago, on June 19, 1953. These were messages sent between Soviet intelligence agencies that had been intercepted and decrypted by US counterintelligence from 1943 to 1980. It was feeble stuff, as the FBI knew, yet Myles Lane, the chief assistant attorney for the Southern District of New York, told the press: If the crime with which she, Ethel, is charged had not occurred perhaps we would not have the present situation in Korea.. We press you close and kiss you with all our strength. [33], In imposing the death penalty, Kaufman noted that he held the Rosenbergs responsible not only for espionage but also for American deaths in the Korean War:[34]. (Roger Higgins, Wikimedia Commons), Proudly powered by Newspack by Automattic. Copyright 2021Rosenberg Fund for Children, Inc. Patient, methodical Robert, 74, a former lawyer, considers every word carefully. Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,", This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 11:02. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were husband and wife living in New York City He also said that he believed Ethel Rosenberg was aware of her husband's deeds, but took no part in them. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. Sie sind Link-Profi? everything Kaufman wasnt, struggled with anorexia and alcoholism. For a Jew and a communist, this was about survival.. They told almost no one their real surname, and Robert, who was a toddler when his parents were imprisoned, never considered reverting to it. It gives us a great sense of pride to be aligned with such a noble and vital organization. PROSE: Well, one of the things that haunted me and haunts my narrator Simon all the way through the novel are the last words that Ethel Rosenberg sent to her lawyer. Easthampton, MA 01027info@rfc.org Abel Meeropol was. [17], On June 15, 1950, David Greenglass was arrested by the FBI for espionage and soon confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold. Judge Irving Kaufman carefully considered their sentence. I like exposure, grins Michael. She had a brother, David Greenglass. Cohn was just 23 when his role as a prosecutor in the Rosenberg trial made him a nationally-known figure. Ethel Rosenberg: a gruesome death by execution that shocked the He recoils, poleaxed by the thought. She didnt have a codename. Jetzt kann sich jeder Interessent seine angeforderten Leistungen nach und nach in den Warenkorb packen But is that just fantasy?. Robert and Michael are optimistic that President Biden will look favourably at their campaign to exonerate their mother, Ethel Rosenberg. [27], The trial of the Rosenbergs and Sobell on federal espionage charges began on March 6, 1951, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Kaufman had the support of New Yorks Republican Senators (Jacob Javits and Kenneth Keating), Attorney General Robert Kennedy knew Kaufman from his presiding over a school desegregation case in New Rochelle and well-known organized crime trial involving more than twenty criminal defendants, and even Judge Hand supported his nomination. WebMorton Sobell, Last Defendant in Rosenberg Spy Case, Is Dead at 101. He was arrested when he was identified as part of a chain that passed on secrets about the technology to the Soviets. More than seven decades after their trial, conviction, and execution, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg still resonate in our political and legal culture. Robby and I think that when our father got involved in helping the Soviets, our mother stayed out of it so that if he got arrested, she could take care of us, says Michael. As Siegel recounts, Kaufman raced through the public schools of New York City. Rather than join the many Jewish students at City College, Kaufman picked up his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Fordham. They constantly question their own memories of the past. Executing the Rosenbergs We have dealt with so many struggles, so we are very enmeshed, says Michael. [63][64] According to Vassiliev, Julius and Ethel worked personally with KGB agents who were given the codenames Twain and Callistratus and were also described as being the ones who recruited Greenglass and McNutt for the Manhattan Project spy mission. Documents relating to the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration, An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption, National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case, Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Rosenberg Son: "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act", History on Trial: The Rosenberg Case in E.L. Doctorow's, Julius Rosenberg at court sentenced to death, The WSWS speaks to Julius and Ethel Rosenbergs son An interview with Robert Meeropol, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg&oldid=1151973397, American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles with failed verification from November 2022, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Images of the Rosenbergs are engraved on a memorial in, The execution is explored in great detail and serves as the premise of, Clune, Lori. [22], Twenty senior government officials met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg case. As Cohn later recounted, He wanted the case as much he wanted the judgeshipand when Irving wants something, he doesnt stop, he doesnt leave you alone until you do what he wants. (After quoting Cohn, Siegel comments, While Cohns lifetime of lying puts his credibility in question, his account [of Cohns call to the clerk] rings true and perfectly captures Kaufmans modus operandi.). So now hes going to turn around and say, OK, Im going to save my wife by ratting out my friends? No! Through interviews and access to family files, photos, and correspondence, Siegel also describes Kaufmans private life, providing a portrait of the man beneath the robe. [37], Others, including non-Communists such as Jean Cocteau and Harold Urey, a Nobel Prize-winning physical chemist,[38] as well as Communists and left-leaning figures such as Nelson Algren, Bertolt Brecht, Albert Einstein, Dashiell Hammett, Frida Kahlo, and Diego Rivera, protested the position of the American government in what the French termed the U.S. Dreyfus affair. Stock stories about Kaufman and the case abound: Kaufman sentenced the Rosenbergs to death to boost his candidacy for the Jewish seat on the Supreme Court. The US government said that if Julius gave them names of other spies, and he and Ethel admitted their guilt, their lives would be spared. The FBI arrested Julius in July and Ethel a month later after she testified before the grand jury. Robert launched the campaign for Ethels exoneration in 2015 not for a pardon, because that would suggest she had done something wrong, but a full exoneration. All other appeals were also unsuccessful. Agent Plays Down Atomic Role Of Rosenbergs", "The September 21, 1944 cable: The Rosenbergs and the Greenglasses", "In This True-Life Spy Story, It's America vs. Russia, the Early Years", "Grasping at Straws to Try to Exonerate Ethel Rosenberg", "Why Ethel Rosenberg Should Not Be Exonerated", "Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America", "David Greenglass, the Brother Who Doomed Ethel Rosenberg, Dies at 92", "Witness Changed Her Story During Rosenberg Spy Case", "For First Time, Figure in Rosenberg Case Admits Spying for Soviets", "Father Was a Spy, Sons Conclude With Regret", "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act", "The Meeropol Brothers: Exonerate Our Mother, Ethel Rosenberg", "The Meeropol brothers: Exonerate our mother, Ethel Rosenberg", "The Rosenberg boys: The Cold War's most famous orphans", "Sen. Warren joins call for Ethel Rosenberg's exoneration", "Warren, Neal ask Obama to consider pardoning Ethel Rosenberg" (, "Flashback: Hear Bob Dylan's Lost 1983 Song 'Julius and Ethel', "Billy Joel We Didn't Start the Fire Lyrics", "David Greenglass grand jury testimony transcript", "Secret Grand Jury Testimony From Ethel Rosenberg's Brother Is Released", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Guide to the Playscript about the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Espionage Trial, An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive. "[67], He refused to express remorse for his decision to betray his sister, saying only that he did not realize that the prosecution would push for the death penalty. The prosecutors, who included Roy Cohn, obtained the couples conviction through the testimony of Ethels younger brother, David Greenglass. Theres a very binary idea of the political world, in which people are guilty or innocent, right or wrong. suche-profi.de Ihre fachspezifische Dienstleistung Senator Joseph McCarthy was warning Americans about homegrown commies. After his brother-in-law was assigned to Los Alamos, Julius persuaded Greenglass and his wife Ruth to pass along what he knew about the bomb to Julius or other intermediaries to share with the Soviet Union in 1944 and 1945. While previously Hand had supported the nomination of Henry Friendly over Kaufman for the Second Circuit when Eisenhower was President, he now wrote a letter to President Kennedy supporting Kaufman. For this success Rosenberg received a $100 bonus. As noted earlier, there now is a consensus that Julius Rosenberg ran a spy ring that provided information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union while Ethel, at most, supported her husbands efforts. I think she knew [what her husband was doing], but for that you dont kill people.. The son of immigrants, Kaufman strived and prospered, securing a prestigious appointment to the federal judiciary in 1949 before turning 40. 32), executed by the federal government of the United States, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, Deputy Attorney General of the United States, Capital punishment by the United States federal government, List of people executed by the United States federal government, "What the K.G.B. The governments views were muddled, Siegel notes. I never thought about our aunts and uncles not taking us in, because living with Abel and Anne, it felt like we won the lottery, says Michael. Many Jews of their milieu were communists and the Greenglasses letters show they were even more enthusiastic about communism than the Rosenbergs. They decided to put the exposure to good use by campaigning for their parents. They took assumed names and he tried to figure out a way to reach Europe without a passport. This was improper. We are all talking by video chat, and when I ask where Robert is, he replies that hes at home in Massachusetts, in a town 90 miles west of Boston and 150 miles north-east of New York City. In reality, the older Rosenberg child is called Michael, and his younger brother is Robert. Although the Second Circuit acknowledged that this evidence could be highly inflammatory in a jury trial, it nevertheless rejected the Rosenbergs claims that they had been denied a fair trial. Ethel Rosenberg - The New York Times But last week, they were back in the headlines when Morton Sobell, But understanding nuance is essential to understanding how politics work and how society works, says Robert. The campaign to exonerate Ethel is starting again, and the Meeropols are optimistic that President Biden will look at it favourably. At first, I hated that transcript, because it made Julius look guilty of something, says Robert. The case was intensely controversial, touching nerves throughout American society, and debates about the Rosenbergs continue to the present day. David and Ruth Greenglass were also sufficiently productive as spies to be given codenames Calibre and Wasp. Do you want to add anything, Chando? says Michael. WebOn June 19, 1953, a middle-class, middle-aged couple, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, were executed as spies. Tensions in the Cold War escalated, then ratcheted up even further in early 1950 with the discovery that atomic secrets had been passed to the Soviet Union during World War II. He also claimed that his sister Ethel's husband Julius Rosenberg had convinced David's wife Ruth to recruit him while visiting him in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1944.
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