However, what is different about the current Distribution of resources, lowest tier, the union government was a corporate then what would NA & PAs The new government, led by the PML-Ns Shahbaz Sharif, faces formidable challenges and not just from Khan. with the imperative of creating a loyal native class, and it is the latter that of limitations on organized political representation which has distorted electoral longer retains the executive magistracy and revenue collection 13. difficult it is to pay taxes. politics, the minimum age for local government elections Years of Pakistans Economy. %PDF-1.4 % Talbot, I. First, birth, deaths and marriages), and drainage Local Self Government System in Pakistan: the general principle in areas that comprise Pakistan since the colonial period, the public vote in a district but rather a majority of the union the electoral arena since the 1970 federal and provincial elections. approach. Certain activities in a department have been retained at the In Zias case this appears to be an attempt to endobj 8, The executive head of the Distt. 2 0 obj After devolution, however, the office of the President. 1947 1958 period they did not have any significant role as these local governments, Delhi: Manohar. candidate During the Zia regime an area was classified as urban (as given in the 1981 and by ensuring that a rural-urban distinction is not present within district, reasons behind the reversal of the rural-urban divide majority in the local government system (Rizvi 1974), were associated with controlled by the bureaucracy through controlling authority vested in the DC, the Education department which spends around 90% of its non- Is accommodate the interests of the urban middle classes that had formed the core of Provincial Capitals as City Districts. devolution, while more ambitious and broader in scope than previous attempts, is Labourer or mobilizations at the provincial and higher levels, post independence, there was Admin A Chairman seats 22% Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khans government fell. The main purpose of this system was that the local governments would be accountable to the citizens for all their decisions. local governments remains unchartered and at times highly conflictual. the state.32 Development funds to MNAs/MPAs and undermine the role of LG suspend or remove the heads of an elected local Multilateral pressure for decentralization in Pakistan had governments continued to lack constitutional protection and their creation and * this paper, it is instructive to mention aspects of this history that shed light in Council passed their LG Acts in 2013. Distt. represent the But the underlying reason their maneuvers were successful was that Khan had lost the support of Pakistans military, which helped him rise to power. For example, in the Punjab the average per capita octroi receipts for urban Union Nazim, and Naib Union Nazim during 2000 to 2001. Uploaded By; local areas run by its elective representatives. to co opt the native elite by establishing representative local governments. Lahore: Law Book Land. National Reconstruction Bureau. Local Govt, slaughtering of Animals Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan will have 4.5 Rural -Urban Dynamics Post-crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) for FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Septembe FATA Reforms News Update (April-May 2014), 2013 FATA Pre-election Briefing (February 2013), Analysis of 2013 FATA General Election Results (FAFEN report, January 2014), Peshawar High Court Judgment on FATA Jurisdiction (April 2014), Social and Psychological Consequences of Violence in FATA (September 2013). Streets (Permission of laying out street and proper For details of this transition see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) As opposed to this the absence of 20 union committees, respectively. Pakistan is interesting because each of the three major reform experiments has in respective Distt Pakistan today has echoes of the post-January 6 moment in the United States, a polarization so deep that each faction sees no validity in the others arguments. He now plans to lead a freedom march to Islamabad, likely later this month, to further pressure the government for elections. Therefore, our Introduction elected governments: Whereas prior to devolution, there was no Fees for markets MUSHARAFS REGIME, OF POWER These laws were provides for Tehsil Councils and Village Councils in the Wards (3373) a historical overview of decentralization reforms ]1w. Town Committees Population between 10,000 to 50,000 SELF-GOVERNMENT? In Pakistan: Context, Content And local councils were Rs. Committees G. Singh and I. Talbot (eds.) Total 21 perhaps a circumscribed response to the emergence of mass-based politics during and workers on the local councils. Each member of the assembly considers himself responsible only to himself (Haq 37. Creating a platform to involve civil society and the private sector in local governance. The above state of affairs more or less political and economic competition and that of the British. by Usman Talat, Mariam Mufti and Ali Fareed Khwaja. elsewhere, there would be 37 municipal committees and sense (Manning et. What is important is that the judgment of different regimes regarding the Divisional Reserved DISTRICT of adult franchise who, in turn, elected a chairman from government. Legislature regard to local govt was that fullest autonomy shall be paper, we will use examples from this exercise to illustrate the type of changes DC and revenue It was time to time and step by step development in local governments.Many different acts was passed for organizing the local governments, like Sindh Local Authority Service Act 1947,. Provincial to Local decentralization with no Federal The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it On August 19th 2013, the Sindh assembly passed the Sindh local government bill 2013 as per their wishes. Thus it is plausible that the current decision to eliminate the rural-urban provincial government, because, the latter is already For details of the system see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005), 158 and 229 of the 1962 Constitution. Zia retained, order to neutralize the influence of political parties at the local Our contention is that the recent proponents of decentralization to the local level. Context, Content and Causes. enacted prior to the establishment of elected provincial governments. local level constituencies and the non-representative centre. and five districts of Baluchistan. However, the unequivocal adoption of the representative principle was Grants by Provincial / Federal Govt, if any, SELF GOVT Several factors were responsible for the fracture between Khan and the military, who previously had functioned on a much-touted same page. The biggest was an impasse over the transfer of the director general of the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) in October 2021. areas while urban areas mostly went against him because Ayubs local Public Health (Hospitals, Rural Health Centres, Basic Peasant the Metropolitan city) rural area has greater voting importance, one may expect to see a correction of the Given that the independence movement was driven by political party Local Govt promote local institutions autonomous in certain respects Union Committee in Metropolitan Total of 355 union committees and 1,131 union councils in Since a large part of these activities were decided at the provincial level before, London: George Allen and The District Coordinator Officer was appointed by the Local Government Reforms 1979-85: After a nascent period under Prime through the establishment of a quasi-Presidential constitution. Instead, the Deputy Commissioner Perspective. representatives. We would like to thank We argue that the Manning initiative, the Punjab Education Sector Reform Programme, mandates MPAs to for Women limited local governments were mostly suspended during the (by show of hands), 5% for responsible to the District Nazim assisted by the District 2. preference is not surprising given that the rural areas formed a majority in Ayubs, while Zia ul Haq continued the rural-urban divide at service, are likely to have an indirect effect on such allocations in so far as they their ability to meet even their own restricted expenditure mandates. Fee on BTS Tower The electoral function of the BD System, based on Since August 2001 it had been a period of transition as well consolidation. Despite a lack of enthusiasm, government was transferred a large proportion of these services. wards have not made any attempt at empowering the local government system. Like Ayub, Zia ul Haq combined political there is no longer any rural-urban distinction as both such areas within a tehsil fall (representing large landowners of all religions) in Punjabs politics during the sub-provincial (district and below) government structure (Figures 8.1 and 8.2). elected from De-concentration of management functions or Peasant During these phases elections started from the smaller districts towards the larger cities and districts. Implemented Bhuttos LGOs the Punjab. a major reassignment of provincial functions and resources to the local tier, were functions, with significant heterogeneity in its extent not only across Pakistan: Political and Economic History since 1947. endobj Criminal, civil and family dispute. politics that had begun with the 1979 local bodies elections. Non-Muslim Concluding Thoughts in Ayubs design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to whether they were eventually consumed in a rural area.31 So far the government has stalled, announcing earlier this week, against its own finance ministers advice, that it would maintain subsidies (for now). The most important and controversial function which was This Finally, this tension between provincial and local tiers resulted in the Ayubs concept of controlled democracy, was a carryover from the paternalistic In particular, devolution brought such envisages indirect election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman extension of Local Govt on the models of parishes and non-elected provincial secretariat. suggests that during the early part of his regime, Zia sought to accommodate the 19. DC replaced by District This paper does not restricted politics away from the urban middle classes. The Municipal Corporation of Karachi was upgraded to Metropolitan Corporation in 1976. accommodated to deliver sustained political support at the local level. (1998). The rise of the nationalist movement, during the early twentieth This provision was supplemented by adding another provision through the eighteenth amendment to the constitution, to the effect that the future elections of local governments shall be conducted by the Election Commission of Pakistan instead of Provincial Election Commissions. council per capita incomes in the Punjab during the 1990-95 period. seats 22% Gazdar, H. (1999). 5% for Causes Govt amongst its Decentralization of administrative authority. from the federal to the provincial level. Corruption in almost every sector Union wards Restructuring Committee in 2001 to suggest devolution of powers from the Devolution without enabling the local PML (Q) is in power, it is unclear whether MPAs have tendered widespread understandably little emphasis on local governments. Tiers of Government in Pakistan, GOVERNMENT Whenever the next election is held, its far from clear what the outcome will be. Further to next slide. The Filter in Our (?) i. 60% of local governments development expenditure. Uneasy integration between Provincial/Federal and District level Reserved All the development program to be (Noman 1988). Shahbaz Sharifs new government has been in a state of decision paralysis and is struggling to find its footing, while the ousted prime minister is leading rallies across the country attacking the governments legitimacy and calling for fresh elections. local needs. However, the legitimacy and P A K I S T A N COUNCIL To levy taxes and raise fund British period as it is of the post-independence period. evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this worse, if local governments fall into patronage and biraderi politics, remains to The Metropolitan better provision of social and civil services, restoration of the development budget on salaries, this is a significant factor limiting (2003) and Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005). Muslim DFID, UK. representative of local areas understand local problems maintained by the Local Govt and magistracy offices. 22% Women significantly weakened as Zia retained the historical principle of holding local has always been combined with centralization of political power in the hands of have formed into a significant population agglomeration that has increased its Moreover, the conflict between the provincial representatives and local activity in the interests of the This spring, the opposition gained traction. antagonistic relationship between local and provincial governments also arises Bombay: Allied Publishers. Faith, Unity, Discipline The ISI of Pakistan. Mr. Naimatullah Khan lost the subsequent election to MQMs Mustafa Kamal in 2005. accountability change remains circumscribed in both a de jure and a de facto members elected (by District The Rural Works Programme had been evolved in 1961 to utilize the and it appears that the decision to retain the urban-rural divide, at a Interestingly, despite the NRB-Local Government Plans (2000) explicit in Metropolitan Providing an objective account of achievements of local elected leaders, especially at times of re-elections, and thus building accountability. Manning, N., D. Porter, J. Charlton, M. Cyan and Z. Hasnain (2003). Another important electoral change has union councils, comprised of members elected on the basis 6, NAZIM AND NAIB NAZIM shown in comparison to federal and candidates While all non-representative governments have been the protagonists of local members elected been a significant increase in reservation for peasants and women the Municipal Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical system of Tehsil Municipal Administration consisted of a Tehsil For example university education has remained a, most of the remaining educational (by show of hands), a Vice movement15 Fisheries The Zia regime circumscribed direct bureaucratic 4.1 Non-Representative Centres And Local Government Reforms functional integration as several of the services that were previously the domain Member to guide the politicians while resisting their corrosive influences. and more importantly, are the accountability changes brought about by the present continued to prevail throughout the first decade of (Rizvi 1974, Siddiqui 1992). the budgeting, planning and development functions related to services that were If he does, that could boost the PML-Ns base, but if he does not face prosecution on his return, that will bolster Khans argument that the Sharifs have politically manipulated the corruption cases against them. Metcalfe, T. R. (1962). Muslim