In many areas of the state, ground water has been depleted at a rapid rate, and rice farmers, in particular, face difficult choices between replenishing the aquifer and impounding surface wateror even leaving farming. productivity on these soils is often limited by their physical properties. Global Village Day at Heifer International, October. Cotton and corn farmers survived by planting in the Ouachita-Saline River watershed valleys. Living in small villages characterized by earthen burial mounds, these native peoples planted vegetables and grains by tilling with hand-held wooden tools. The majority is grown in: Mississippi River Delta region of Eastern Arkansas Kansas-Colorado Arkansas River Compact - Kansas Department of Agriculture Again, farmers turned to activism. Holley, Donald. Public policy was equally important in shaping agriculture in eastern Arkansas. This equipment made it possible to bring new land into cultivation, ideal for rice and soybeans but not cotton. Vegetable Crop Management in The Arkansas Valley - Usda var c = document.querySelectorAll('[id^=answer]'); Vegetable crop production has a long and successful history in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado. In short order, other cattlemen began their own experiments in raising blooded stock and improving their offspring through genetic breeding. The 6 Natural Regions of Arkansas - WorldAtlas In that period, the price averaged about eleven cents per pound and the price increased, marginally, only eight times. Also, initially exempt from acreage controls, rice provided a good alternative to cotton farmers in the same way soybeans had. World War II through the Modern Era Wartime technologies produced giant, self-propelled, rubber-tired scrapers that could transport fourteen cubic yards of dirt, and they were highly mobile. For most, having spent their lives close to the soil working crops and livestock with a limited selection of tools, continuing in agriculture was expected. children[y].innerHTML = "+"; In other areas, particularly the Coastal Plain, farmers converted cropland to timber farms. Still others migrated from the upland counties to the Delta counties and initially hired out as day laborers on the areas larger cotton plantations. Most of the agricultural activity occurs in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. Fort Smith is the second-largest city in Arkansas, and serves as a regional hub for culture, health care and transportation. In 1987, Alma claimed the title of "Spinach Capital of the World" and erected a Popeye statue in front of the Chamber of Commerce building. The Natural Environment: The Delta and Its Resources Graves, John William. } By June, water covered more than 6,000 square miles and all but destroyed the row crops. } Pick up know-how for tackling diseases, pests and weeds. Coal mining was an important industry in the River Valley's early history. Get the latest research results from our county agents. Less pronounced but still significant was the number of upland farmers hit by similar forces. inner.style.display = "none"; Coaxing the best produce from asparagus to zucchini. } "&ea=" + encodeURIComponent(document.title) + As historian Gilbert Fite noted, farmers became a new minority in many regions of the nation, and that was particularly true in eastern Arkansas. inner.style.opacity = '1'; One of the largest farming regions, the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (formed by the Arkansas, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers), stretches about 250 miles from Missouri to Louisiana. The expedition traveled to Tanico, an important city somewhere in the River Valley, in September 1542. } Crop production in the Ozarks Plateaus and Ouachita Mountains is limited, mainly revolving Fourche River Days in Perryville, April. Major funding provided by the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation. The devastating Mississippi River flood of 1927 has deservedly entered the realm of legend and lore, being one of the most costly natural disasters in American history. } var d = new Date(); Schedule these timely events on your gardening calendar. The other vegetation was a rhizome grass the local population called cane. Prehistory The almost constant flooding also challenged plant life, and two types of vegetation came to dominate. 100 Rock Street //alert(iFrameID.height); Give a donation in someones name to mark a special occasion, honor a friend or colleague or remember a beloved family member. to 1670 A.D. Visitors can buy wines, tour the winery and watch the production process. Vegetable Crop Management in the Arkansas Valley - USDA return s4() + s4() + '-' + s4() + '-' + s4() + '-' + s4() + '-' + s4() + s4() + s4(); That year also saw a precipitous drop in housing construction and a downturn in the forestry industry. This one-page handout, from the Horticulture Track of the Oklahoma Beginning Farmer and Rancher Program, lists, for over four dozen vegetable crops: direct seed vs. transplant, days from indoor to field planting, first and last indoor and field dates, and germination temperature range and optimum. A final public policy issue that contributed to the agricultural revolution in east Arkansas had to do with labor relations. The bill initially limited public land access to homesteaders and limited individual claims to eighty acres, rather than the 160 acres in the original 1862 bill. The Agricultural Wheel in Arkansas, 18821889. PhD dissertation, Syracuse University, 1953. Rice and soybeans incorporated into this new order since the same harvester could be used for both crops with only limited modifications. Prior to that time, few landowners raised cattle exclusively, although most homesteads had a few head of livestock, including milch cows. Tomatoesalso became a commercial success in the twentieth century, particularly in the southeastern regions of the state. Agriculture - Encyclopedia of Arkansas Gaining garden smarts and sharing skills. Beginning on the states western border, it ranges from twenty-five to thirty-five miles wide and extends almost 150 miles into the state. Beans became the crop choice for Delta farmers a decade after the war. By the time the act could be implemented effectively, a new form of agricultural labor had taken shape. Agriculture in Arkansas. if(iFrameID) { In 1940, tenants or sharecroppers cultivated more than sixty percent of the land, and more than ninety percent of farmers used horses or mules as draft animals. West and north of the Mississippi River floodplain lay the Ouachita Mountains and the Ozark uplift. One of these, the Grand Prairie, a vast treeless region between the Arkansas and White rivers, occupies more than 500,000 acres of natural grassland in the south-central section. Nearly 200 feet above sea level, the elevation varies less than 150 feet. Policymakers conceived this soil bank program as a way to reduce surpluses in cotton and other commodities. . In some ways, the Civil War had a major impact on Arkansas agriculture, but in others, little changed. Smokehouses (very common) were used to preserve the meat for the large rural families of this period. In the United States, Arkansas is one of the leading producers of rice and contributes about 46 percent of the nation's supply. // ]]> Some row crop agriculture is also present in the Arkansas River Valley. [7] Since settlement, the River Valley had been a largely cashless society with significantly less reliance on slave labor compared to plantation agriculture areas like the Arkansas Delta and elsewhere in the Deep South. inner.style.opacity = '0'; With their product valued more for juice than wine, grape growers in the northwest became a success by producing for commercial canneries. Before 1840, the upland region dominated production. Typically, in a matter of several crop years, small farmers found themselves encircled by debt. These natural barriers confounded Americans for more than 100 years after the first farmers arrived in the 1820s. For over 25 years, Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) has become a popular way for consumers to buy local, seasonal food directly from a farmer. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000. When most domestic workers did not return to rural America after the war, a treaty between the United States and Mexico formalized the plan. { In the decade before the Civil War, the regions population increased more than 100 percent, and the slave population grew more than 120 percent. Learn to ID unwanted plant and animal visitors. Greenwood also has a Coal Miner's Memorial near the town square, with a restored coal railroad car and names of Sebastian County coal workers engraved on site. Unclear waters: How pollution, diversions and drought are squeezing the } } . //alert(str); WORKING PAPER The Arkansas Valley Super Ditch: A Local Response to Buy of our most important activity - agriculture. Altering the landscapewhether clearing forests, draining swamps, channeling streams, or replacing cotton with rice and soybeans or chicken houses and cattletransformed the rural culture. In the southern part of Arkansas we find Coastal Plain soils, which are marine deposits A crop lost to floods often offset soil fertility. His expedition of 600 Spanish explorers searching for gold and riches crossed into Arkansas across the Mississippi River, and explored the state for the next two years. Companies invested large sums of money in developing the infrastructure: harvesting, hauling, and milling. To avoid or escape the credit-debt trap of single crop agriculture, and in keeping with the New South emphasis on diversification, some farmers turned to fruit and vegetable farming. // Unclear waters: How pollution, diversions and drought are squeezing the The Arkansas River Valley is the area carved by the river long ago. [15], The most populous city within the River Valley is Fort Smith, the principal city of the Fort Smith metropolitan area that also includes Van Buren and Alma. When a tribute gift is given the honoree will receive a letter acknowledging your generosity and a bookplate will be placed in a book. } The Alma Performing Arts Center is the largest and most popular performing arts venue in the River Valley. Vegetable crop production has a long history in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado. Agriculture in western Arkansas experienced a different type of revolution after the war. Laws favorable to small-business development encouraged partnerships between poultry growers and processors and a redevelopment of land use. var d = document.querySelectorAll('#threecolaccord'); Near Clarksville, the Spadra Waterfront Marina offers RV camping, boat rentals, and guided trips along Spadra Creek. "&el=" + encodeURIComponent(document.location.pathname); Real Estate in Arkansas River Valley - Colorado Real Estate Agency THE ARKANSAS VALLEY SUPER DITCH - A LOCAL RESPONSE TO "BUY AND DRY" IN COLORADO WATER MARKETS Tyler G. McMahon1 and Mark Griffin Smith2 ABSTRACT: Across the West, water transfers generate controversy. In Van Buren, the King Opera House is a restored 1880s opera house, now holding various events throughout the year. North of Clarksville, Lake Ludwig offers swimming, boating and fishing to visitors. Grove, Jama McMurtery. The Central Collegiate Institute was established in Altus in 1876 (now known as Hendrix College in Conway) and Hiram and Lydia College in 1890 (which went defunct in 1906). While not as severe as the Dust Bowl conditions of the mid-1930s, for Arkansas the droughts effects were still devastating. function guid() { function s4() { Much of the farmers improved situation was due to World War I. Wartime demands for food and fiber led to a golden age in agriculture when cotton prices approached their Civil War levels. The area is approximately 29,000 square miles (19 million acres) and includes parts of the States of Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. In 1867, only 167 freedmen made claims in Arkansas. The Arkansas Department of Agriculture and its partners in wildfire suppression, prescribed fire, and conservation combine hands-on exercises and classroom material to teach basic fire suppression, advanced suppression strategy and tactics, engine operation, dozer operation, Incident Command procedures, and more. The lower Mississippi River Valley was a fertile homeland to Native Americans from about 9500 B.C. Major support provided through a partnership with the Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism. Crapemyrtles, hydrangeas, hort glossary, and weed ID databases. var d = document.querySelectorAll('[id^=question]'); ANNUAL ROUNDUP This year's River Valley Beef Cattle Conference will focus on efficiency, presenting the latest recommendations for cattle producers looking to keep costs down and profits up.
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